The Intersection of LGBTQ+ Identities and Indigenous Cultures

August 11, 2024 / Unity and Pride Network/ by Garrick Pattenden

The intersection of LGBTQ+ identities and Indigenous cultures in North America is a topic rich with history, challenges, and resilience. Indigenous communities have long recognized and respected diverse gender identities and sexual orientations, but the imposition of rigid European norms through colonization marginalized these identities. Today, the term "Two-Spirit" is used to describe Indigenous people who embody both masculine and feminine qualities, reclaiming traditional roles lost due to colonization. However, Two-Spirit individuals face unique challenges, including discrimination within both Indigenous and LGBTQ+ communities, mental health issues, and barriers to healthcare.

Two-Spirit Identity: A Brief Overview

"Two-Spirit" is a contemporary term that emerged in 1990 during the Third Annual Intertribal Native American, First Nations, Gay, and Lesbian American Conference in Winnipeg, Canada. It serves as an umbrella term for the diverse gender identities and sexual orientations traditionally recognized by Indigenous cultures. Historically, Two-Spirit people held significant roles within their communities, often as healers, spiritual leaders, and mediators, embodying a balance between masculine and feminine energies.

Historical Case Studies: Celebrated Two-Spirit Figures

Historically, Two-Spirit people held important roles within various Indigenous communities. For instance, the Lakota, Zuni, and Navajo nations all recognized and respected individuals who embodied both masculine and feminine qualities. One notable figure is Osh-Tisch (also known as Finds Them and Kills Them), a Crow warrior and healer who was celebrated for her bravery and skill in battle. Osh-Tisch was assigned male at birth but lived as a woman, embodying the duality that Two-Spirit people often represent. Her story is a powerful testament to the revered status that Two-Spirit individuals once held before colonization.

The Impact of Colonization

Before European colonization, many Indigenous cultures in North America had fluid understandings of gender and sexuality. Colonization, however, introduced European Christian norms that condemned non-binary identities and same-sex relationships, leading to the suppression of Two-Spirit roles. Missionary work, residential schools, and forced assimilation policies sought to erase Indigenous cultures and enforce strict gender roles, contributing to the marginalization of Two-Spirit people.

Residential schools in Canada and the U.S. played a significant role in this, as Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities, stripped of their cultural identities, and subjected to strict gender roles. The suppression of Two-Spirit identities was part of a broader effort to enforce European Christian values, leading to generations of trauma and the near-eradication of Two-Spirit roles.

The impact of these policies is still felt today. Many Two-Spirit individuals struggle with feelings of cultural disconnection and alienation, as the legacy of colonization has often left them without the cultural context or community support that their ancestors would have had.

Contemporary Challenges Faced by Two-Spirit Individuals

Two-Spirit individuals today face a unique set of challenges, shaped by their intersectional identities. These include:

• Cultural Disconnect: The legacy of colonization has created a disconnect for many Indigenous LGBTQ+ individuals from their cultural heritage. This often leads to struggles with identity and belonging within both their Indigenous communities and the broader LGBTQ+ community.
• Discrimination: Two-Spirit individuals experience discrimination not only from mainstream society but also within their own Indigenous communities, where colonial attitudes towards gender and sexuality may persist. Additionally, within the broader LGBTQ+ community, they may face racism and a lack of understanding of their cultural identity.
• Mental Health: The intersection of these identities often results in higher rates of mental health issues and suicide among Two-Spirit individuals. Historical trauma, compounded by contemporary discrimination, contributes to feelings of isolation and depression.
• Healthcare Access: Two-Spirit individuals often face barriers to accessing healthcare that is culturally competent. Healthcare providers may lack awareness of the specific needs of Two-Spirit people, leading to inadequate care.

Reclaiming Two-Spirit Roles and Identities

Despite these challenges, there has been a resurgence in the recognition and celebration of Two-Spirit identities. This movement is part of a broader effort to decolonize Indigenous identities and revive traditional roles that were suppressed by colonization. Efforts include:

• Community Building: Two-Spirit organizations and gatherings have become vital spaces for community building, advocacy, and the reclamation of traditional roles. These groups work to educate both Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities about the history and significance of Two-Spirit identities.
• Cultural Revitalization: Reconnecting with traditional practices and ceremonies that honor Two-Spirit people is crucial for cultural revitalization. This includes the reintroduction of Two-Spirit roles in ceremonies, language preservation, and the transmission of traditional knowledge.
• Representation and Visibility: Increasing the visibility of Two-Spirit people in media, art, and literature helps challenge stereotypes and promote a more inclusive understanding of Indigenous identities. By sharing their stories, Two-Spirit individuals contribute to a broader narrative that values diversity within Indigenous cultures.
• Youth Empowerment: Mentorship programs, cultural camps, and leadership initiatives aimed at Indigenous youth are empowering the next generation to embrace their Two-Spirit identities. These programs provide young people with the tools and support they need to navigate the complexities of being both Indigenous and LGBTQ+.

Stories of Resilience: The Rebirth of Two-Spirit Identities

Personal narratives offer powerful insights into the lived experiences of Two-Spirit individuals. For example, the story of Everett, a Two-Spirit youth from the Navajo Nation, illustrates the challenges and triumphs of navigating both Indigenous and LGBTQ+ identities. Everett faced rejection from his family and community due to his identity but found solace and strength in reconnecting with traditional Navajo teachings that honor gender diversity. His journey reflects a broader movement among Two-Spirit people to reclaim their cultural heritage and find a place where their identities are respected and celebrated.

One such example is the work of Harlan Pruden, a Two-Spirit advocate who co-founded the NorthEast Two-Spirit Society and has been instrumental in promoting Two-Spirit awareness and education. Pruden's work highlights the ongoing efforts to create spaces where Two-Spirit people can explore and celebrate their identities.

This is Shine's Story

Raven’s Quest Season 3 - Shine

Shine is a vibrant and curious 7-year-old from the Tsuut'ina First Nation in Calgary, Alberta. As an only child, Shine shares glimpses of his life, revealing a deep connection to his culture and traditions. He enjoys playing hockey with his cousins, feeling proud when he scores a goal and constantly practicing to improve his skills. Shine also loves cooking healthy meals with his mom, understanding the importance of a good diet in staying strong and healthy.

Shine’s room is decorated with meaningful items like a dream catcher and moccasins handmade by his grandmother, symbolizing his pride in his Indigenous roots. When not on screens, Shine enjoys drawing, which he describes as feeling like a workout for the mind.

Shine identifies as Two-Spirit and uses the pronouns "he" and "they." The concept of being Two-Spirit in Indigenous cultures involves embodying both masculine and feminine qualities. Shine explains that some days he feels more like a "he," and other days more like a "they," reflecting the fluid nature of his gender identity. This identity is deeply intertwined with spirituality and tradition in his culture.

Shine's day is filled with activities that honor and celebrate his cultural heritage. From braiding his hair—a practice that holds significant spiritual meaning for Tsuut'ina people—to smudging with his grandfather and going 4-wheeling with his uncle, Shine is actively engaged in learning from elders and embracing the traditions that define his identity. Through these experiences, Shine not only connects with his cultural roots but also celebrates the unique blend of traditions, personal expression, and healthy living that shape who he is.

Intersection with Broader LGBTQ+ Movements

The Two-Spirit identity plays a unique role within the broader LGBTQ+ movement. Two-Spirit people often bridge the gap between Indigenous cultural practices and contemporary LGBTQ+ advocacy. This intersectional approach enriches both movements, offering a perspective that emphasizes the importance of cultural context in understanding gender and sexual diversity.

In recent years, Two-Spirit people have been more visible in Pride events and LGBTQ+ activism, but there is still work to be done to ensure their voices are heard and their contributions recognized. The inclusion of Two-Spirit perspectives in LGBTQ+ organizations and initiatives is essential for creating a truly inclusive movement.

Advocacy and Cultural Revitalization

Organizations such as the Two-Spirit Journal and the Two-Spirit Society have been at the forefront of advocacy efforts, providing resources, support, and education to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities. These organizations emphasize the importance of cultural revitalization, ensuring that Two-Spirit traditions are not only preserved but also celebrated.

Additionally, Two-Spirit gatherings, such as the annual Two-Spirit Powwow in San Francisco, offer a space for celebration and community building. These events are crucial for fostering a sense of belonging and pride among Two-Spirit people, as well as for educating the wider public about the significance of Two-Spirit identities.

The Role of Allies

Allies have a crucial role to play in supporting Two-Spirit individuals and advocating for their rights. This support includes:

• Education: Allies must educate themselves about the history and significance of Two-Spirit identities, understanding the impact of colonization and the specific challenges faced by Two-Spirit people.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Allies should approach their support with cultural sensitivity, respecting Indigenous traditions and practices. This involves listening to and amplifying the voices of Two-Spirit people and recognizing the diversity within Indigenous cultures.
• Advocacy: Advocating for policies that address the specific needs of Indigenous LGBTQ+ individuals is essential. This includes pushing for better access to culturally competent healthcare, education, and social services.
• Supporting Indigenous-Led Initiatives: Allies can support Indigenous-led organizations and initiatives that focus on Two-Spirit issues by volunteering, donating, or raising awareness about their work.

The Path Forward: Supporting Two-Spirit Individuals

To support Two-Spirit individuals, it is vital to continue advocating for policies that address their unique needs, particularly in areas such as healthcare, education, and legal protections. Allies can play an important role by amplifying Two-Spirit voices, supporting Indigenous-led initiatives, and challenging the ongoing impacts of colonization.

Moreover, educating oneself and others about the history and significance of Two-Spirit identities is crucial. This includes understanding the diversity within Indigenous cultures and the ways in which Two-Spirit people have historically contributed to their communities.

Conclusion

The intersection of LGBTQ+ identities and Indigenous cultures is a rich and complex area that reveals the resilience, strength, and ongoing challenges of Two-Spirit individuals. By exploring historical case studies, contemporary challenges, and personal narratives, we gain a deeper understanding of the importance of Two-Spirit identities within both Indigenous and LGBTQ+ communities.

As we move forward, it is essential to continue supporting Two-Spirit people in their efforts to reclaim and revitalize their identities. Through education, advocacy, and allyship, we can help create a world where Two-Spirit people are respected, celebrated, and empowered to live their truths fully and authentically.

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