Resilience and Reclamation: Honoring Indigenous & Two-Spirit Identities

August 17, 2024 / Unity and Pride Network/ by Garrick Pattenden

The history of Indigenous Peoples in Canada is a narrative of profound resilience, endurance, and the unyielding strength of cultural identity. This article weaves together the powerful stories of individuals like Glen Anaquod, Lyna Hart, and Lena Wandering Spirit with broader themes of cultural revitalization, the ongoing journey of Two-Spirit identities, and the lasting impact of European Christian residential schools on Indigenous children.

Author's Note:

This article is written in accordance with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, specifically under Section 2(b), which guarantees freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression, including freedom of the press. The content presented herein is intended for educational, historical, and advocacy purposes, focusing on the ongoing efforts to recognize and address the historical and cultural impacts on Indigenous and Two-Spirit communities in Canada.

This article contains detailed accounts of historical injustices, including the abuse and trauma experienced by Indigenous children in residential schools. These details are crucial for understanding the full scope of the issues discussed and are presented with respect and sensitivity to the affected communities. Content warnings are provided to prepare readers for the nature of this material.

The information shared in this article aims to contribute to the broader conversation on truth, reconciliation, and the ongoing fight for the rights and recognition of Indigenous peoples and Two-Spirit individuals. The intent is to foster awareness, promote healing, and encourage constructive dialogue on these vital issues.

The Intersection of LGBTQ+ Identities and Indigenous Cultures

Long before European colonization, Indigenous communities in North America recognized and respected diverse gender identities. Two-Spirit individuals, who embody both masculine and feminine qualities, often held revered roles within their communities. They served as healers, spiritual leaders, and mediators, playing vital roles in maintaining the social and spiritual fabric of their societies.

Historically, many Indigenous cultures across North America recognized and revered Two-Spirit people. For instance, the Navajo have the nádleehi, a gender-fluid identity, while the Lakota recognize the winkte. These individuals often served as healers, spiritual leaders, and were integral to the social fabric of their communities. Understanding these diverse roles helps us appreciate the depth and significance of Two-Spirit identities within Indigenous cultures.

However, the arrival of European colonizers brought with it Christian norms that imposed rigid gender binaries and suppressed these diverse identities. Two-Spirit people, once honored for their unique roles, were marginalized and often faced violence and discrimination. This marginalization left deep scars on Indigenous communities, contributing to cultural disconnection, identity struggles, and mental health challenges that persist to this day.

Reclaiming Two-Spirit identities comes with its own set of challenges, including ongoing discrimination, the struggle to restore nearly lost cultural practices, and the need to foster intergenerational dialogue. Despite these obstacles, Indigenous communities continue to fight for the recognition and revitalization of their traditional identities, drawing on the strength of their ancestors and the resilience embedded in their cultural heritage.

Despite these challenges, there has been a resurgence in recognizing and celebrating Two-Spirit identities within Indigenous communities. Efforts aimed at community-building, cultural revitalization, and increasing visibility through media and literature have empowered a new generation to embrace their identities with pride. These initiatives are crucial in dismantling the harmful legacies of colonization and restoring the rich cultural diversity that has always existed within Indigenous societies.

In recent years, the Two-Spirit movement has gained momentum, with activists and organizations leading efforts to reclaim and celebrate these identities. Groups like the Two-Spirit Society and events such as the International Two-Spirit Gathering are pivotal in fostering community and visibility. These initiatives are not just about identity but also about challenging the ongoing effects of colonialism and advocating for the rights of Two-Spirit individuals within both Indigenous and LGBTQ+ communities.

The Impact of European Christian Residential Schools on Indigenous Children

The concept of Two-Spirit, while aligned with LGBTQ+ identities, differs significantly due to its deep cultural roots in Indigenous spirituality and community roles. This intersection challenges the broader LGBTQ+ narrative by introducing a culturally specific understanding of gender and sexuality, emphasizing the importance of respecting and preserving these unique identities within their cultural context.

What is the story behind St. Anne’s Indian Residential School: Fort Albany First Nation - Ontario, Canada?

St. Anne's Indian Residential School, located in Fort Albany First Nation in Ontario, Canada, is one of the most infamous residential schools in the history of Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples. The school was part of a broader system of residential schools established by the Canadian government and administered by religious organizations, primarily the Catholic Church. The purpose of these schools was to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, often at the cost of their language, culture, and identity.

Historical Background:

St. Anne's was operated by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Grey Nuns from the early 20th century until it closed in 1976. Children from various Cree and other Indigenous communities in the James Bay area were forcibly taken from their families and sent to this school, often against their parents' wishes. The school was notorious for its harsh discipline, neglect, and widespread abuses.

Abuses at St. Anne’s:

Survivors of St. Anne's have recounted severe physical and emotional abuse. The abuse included regular beatings, whippings, and other forms of corporal punishment. One of the most disturbing aspects of the school's history is the S (assault or abuse) that many children suffered at the hands of staff members, including both laypeople and clergy. These abuses left deep psychological scars on the survivors, many of whom continue to deal with the trauma decades later.

One of the most shocking revelations about St. Anne's was the existence of a homemade electric chair that was used to punish children. Survivors have described how they were forced to sit in the chair and shocked as a form of entertainment for the staff.

Investigations and Legal Battles:

The abuses at St. Anne's came to light through investigations, including those conducted by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and later through testimonies given to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada. These investigations revealed the extensive nature of the abuse, including S by individuals who were supposed to care for and protect the children.

Despite the evidence, the Canadian government initially withheld important documents related to the abuses at St. Anne's, complicating efforts by survivors to seek justice and compensation. The survivors of St. Anne's fought long legal battles to have these documents released and to hold those responsible accountable.

Legacy:

The story of St. Anne's Indian Residential School is a tragic chapter in the history of Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples. It serves as a powerful reminder of the long-lasting impact of colonialism and the need for truth, reconciliation, and healing. The survivors of St. Anne's, along with those from other residential schools, continue to advocate for recognition, justice, and support as they work to heal from the traumas inflicted upon them.

The legacy of the European Christian residential school system in Canada is one of profound trauma and suffering, leaving lasting scars on Indigenous communities. Established as part of a broader effort to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, these schools operated from the late 19th century well into the 20th century. Over 150,000 Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and placed in these institutions, where they were subjected to a systematic campaign to erase their cultural identities, languages, and spiritual practices.

The conditions in these residential schools were harsh and dehumanizing. Children were often stripped of their traditional clothing and given uniforms. Their long hair, which held cultural and spiritual significance, was cut short. They were forbidden to speak their Indigenous languages, and any attempt to practice their cultural traditions was met with severe punishment. The schools were run with strict discipline, and the children were subjected to physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Many children suffered from malnutrition, neglect, and illness due to the poor living conditions, with some never returning home.

The separation from their families and communities created a deep sense of loss and identity dislocation among the children. The schools not only aimed to assimilate the children but also sought to sever their connection to their Indigenous roots. This disconnection led to generations of Indigenous people who grew up without a strong sense of their cultural identity, contributing to the social and psychological issues that many Indigenous communities face today.

The trauma experienced by Indigenous children in residential schools has had lasting effects on mental health, particularly for Two-Spirit individuals who face compounded discrimination. Access to culturally relevant mental health services is crucial in addressing these challenges. Programs that integrate traditional healing practices with modern therapy offer a path toward healing and reclamation for those affected by this legacy.

The Films: Holy Angels and We Were Children

The films Holy Angels and We Were Children play crucial roles in documenting and sharing the stories of those who endured the residential school system. These films provide a visual and emotional representation of the experiences that many Indigenous children went through, ensuring that these stories are not forgotten.

What is the story behind We Were Children?

We Were Children

We Were Children* is a powerful and haunting documentary that delves into the traumatic experiences of Indigenous children who were forcibly taken from their families and placed in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Through the personal testimonies of two survivors, Phyllis Webstad and Glen Anaquod, the film vividly portrays the emotional, physical, and spiritual abuse endured by these children at the hands of those meant to care for them. The documentary not only chronicles the horrific conditions within the schools—where Indigenous children were stripped of their language, culture, and identity—but also explores the lasting impact of this systemic abuse on the survivors and their communities. The film is a sobering reminder of the resilience of the human spirit, highlighting how these survivors have navigated the long and painful journey of healing and reclamation of their heritage in the face of institutionalized racism and injustice. The narrative of We Were Children serves as a crucial piece of Canada's history, forcing the viewer to confront the dark legacy of the residential school system and its ongoing repercussions.

Content Warning: Descriptions of Physical Abuse

Warning: this film contains disturbing content and is recommended for audiences 16 years of age and older. Parental discretion, and/or watching this film within a group setting, is strongly advised. If you need counseling support, please contact Health Canada.

Glen Anaquod, a respected elder from the Muscowpetung First Nation in Saskatchewan, Canada, embodied the resilience of Indigenous peoples. As a survivor of the Lebret Indian Residential School, Glen's life story is a poignant reminder of the systemic oppression faced by Indigenous children under Canada's residential school system—a system designed to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture, often through methods that inflicted profound psychological and physical harm.

Glen's experiences were featured in the 2012 documentary We Were Children, which exposed the brutal realities faced by Indigenous children in these institutions. Despite the trauma he endured, Glen remained deeply committed to preserving and sharing his Indigenous culture and heritage. His storytelling, a vital cultural tradition, was passed down to his children, grandchildren, and community members, ensuring that the knowledge and pride of his heritage would endure.

In recognition of his contributions, a portion of Tower Road in Regina was renamed Anaquod Road in 2017, symbolizing the ongoing journey of reconciliation. Glen's legacy is one of resilience, cultural pride, and the enduring strength of Indigenous identity.

Lyna Hart, another survivor of the residential school system, shared her story in We Were Children. Born around 1954, Lyna was taken from her family at the age of four and sent to the Guy Hill Indian Residential School in Manitoba. Her experiences, like those of so many others, were marked by the suffering inflicted by a system designed to erase Indigenous culture and identity.

After her time at the residential school, Lyna pursued a career in nursing, dedicating her life to improving healthcare for Indigenous communities. Her work with the Southeast Resource Development Council, where she administered various healthcare programs, was widely recognized, and she became a respected advocate for Indigenous rights and well-being.

Lyna's legacy is one of healing and advocacy, as she worked tirelessly to support her community and address the lasting impacts of the residential school system. Her passing in January 2015 marked the end of a life dedicated to the betterment of Indigenous peoples, but her contributions continue to resonate today.

What is the story behind Holy Angels?

Holy Angels

*Holy Angels* is a poignant short film that captures the harrowing experience of Lena Wandering Spirit, an Indigenous woman who, like many others, was subjected to the brutalities of the residential school system in Canada. Set against the backdrop of the Holy Angels Residential School in Fort Chipewyan, North-East Alberta, the film artfully combines archival footage, personal testimony, and evocative imagery to bring Lena's story to life. Through her narrative, the film sheds light on the dehumanizing treatment Indigenous children endured in these institutions, where they were isolated from their families, forbidden to speak their native languages, and subjected to physical and emotional abuse. *Holy Angels* explores the deep scars left by this traumatic chapter in Canadian history, while also reflecting on Lena's journey of survival and resilience. The film not only commemorates the lives of those affected by the residential schools but also serves as a powerful call to acknowledge and address the intergenerational trauma that continues to affect Indigenous communities today. Through Lena's eyes, the viewer gains a deeper understanding of the enduring impact of the residential school system and the strength it takes to reclaim one's identity and culture in the aftermath of such profound injustice.

Content Warning: Descriptions of Physical Abuse

This short film serves as a powerful entry point for discussions, research, and projects related to residential schools. It encourages exploration of how colonization policies, such as residential schools, were designed to eradicate Indigenous cultures. Consider the intended purposes of these schools and the profound short- and long-term impacts they have had on individuals, families, and communities, spanning multiple generations.

Reflecting on the horrific treatment endured by Indigenous children in these institutions, critically examine the ethical and moral values of those who perpetrated such abuse. How do these actions reflect both individual and societal failings? Does the legacy of residential schools continue to shape Canadian society today?

Further, investigate the factors that led to the eventual closure of these schools. Explore how individuals, communities, and organizations are actively working towards healing and reconciliation. What does resilience look like in the face of such trauma, and how can society as a whole participate in initiatives that support the ongoing process of reconciliation?

In 2017, the short documentary *Holy Angels* introduced the world to Lena Wandering Spirit, a survivor of the residential school system. Directed by Jay Cardinal Villeneuve, the film serves as a powerful medium for Lena to share her harrowing experiences as a young girl forcibly taken from her family and placed in a residential school in 1963. These institutions, under the guise of education, were places of profound suffering for over 150,000 Indigenous children across Canada.

Holy Angels captures Lena's recollections through a blend of her narration and striking visuals, portrayed by the young actress Ava Rose McLaughlin. Ava's portrayal of the younger Lena allows the audience to glimpse the innocence that was stolen and the resilience that endured. The film's impact lies in its ability to evoke both sorrow and hope, honoring the enduring spirit of survivors like Lena who have navigated the deep scars of the past.

In the film, Ava Rose McLaughlin embodies the fear, confusion, and quiet resistance that characterized the experiences of so many children like Lena. Her portrayal captures the internal struggle of a child trying to understand why she was taken from everything familiar. The film also contrasts these dark moments with images of Ava in vibrant, traditional Indigenous regalia, symbolizing the resilience of Indigenous cultures and the reclamation of identity that has taken place in the years since.

Lena's story, like those of Glen Anaquod and Lyna Hart, is a testament to the strength and dignity of Indigenous survivors. The inclusion of her portrait in the narrative, with her serene yet strong expression, serves as a powerful conclusion that connects the viewer directly to her lived experience. It reminds us of the profound personal histories behind the broader discussions of residential schools and the ongoing journey of healing and reconciliation.

Two-Spirit identities are also being celebrated and reclaimed through art, music, and literature. Artists like Kent Monkman, whose work challenges colonial narratives, and musicians like Jeremy Dutcher, who combines traditional songs with classical music, are leading the way in expressing Two-Spirit identity. These cultural expressions are vital in reclaiming and preserving Indigenous identities in the modern world.

What is the story behind Bones of Crows?

Bones of Crows is a powerful and deeply moving film that unearths the harrowing history of Indigenous peoples in Canada, particularly through the lens of the residential school system and its multi-generational impact. The film, directed by Marie Clements, tells a story that spans over 100 years, highlighting the resilience, survival, and continued struggle of Indigenous communities in the face of systemic oppression.

Bones of Crows Official Trailer

The Central Character: Aline Spears

At the heart of Bones of Crows is the character of Aline Spears, a Cree matriarch whose life journey is emblematic of the collective experiences of many Indigenous people in Canada. Aline's story begins in her childhood, where she and her siblings are forcibly taken from their family and placed in a residential school, part of a broader governmental policy aimed at assimilating Indigenous children by erasing their cultural identity.

In the residential school, Aline endures horrific physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, depicted unflinchingly in the film. These experiences mark the beginning of a lifelong struggle with the trauma inflicted upon her and her family. Despite the overwhelming suffering, Aline's story is one of survival. She manages to find strength and resilience, traits that will guide her through the many challenges she faces in her life.

Aline's Role as a Cree Code Talker

A significant aspect of Aline's story is her involvement in World War II, where she serves as a Cree code talker for the Canadian Air Force. Her uncanny ability to understand and translate codes becomes a crucial asset in the war effort. This role highlights an often-overlooked part of history, where Indigenous languages, which the Canadian government sought to eradicate through residential schools, became a vital tool in the war effort.

Aline's work as a code talker serves as a poignant reminder of the value of Indigenous knowledge and the deep irony that a language once targeted for destruction by the state was later recognized as a powerful resource in a global conflict. This part of Aline's story adds a layer of complexity to the narrative, showcasing her as a symbol of resistance and resilience.

The Impact of Trauma and Generational Legacy

The film doesn't just focus on Aline's experiences but extends to explore the broader impact of colonialism and the residential school system on her family and community across generations. The trauma inflicted upon Aline is not isolated; it reverberates through her children and grandchildren, illustrating the concept of intergenerational trauma.

Bones of Crows meticulously depicts how the scars of the past continue to affect the present. Aline's descendants grapple with the same systemic issues of racism, discrimination, and cultural erasure that she faced, but they also inherit her strength and determination to fight for their identity and rights. The film shows that while the trauma persists, so too does the spirit of resistance and the desire to heal and reclaim what was lost.

Cultural Erasure and Resistance

A central theme in Bones of Crows is the systematic attempt to erase Indigenous culture, language, and identity through the residential school system. The film portrays the brutality of this cultural genocide, where children were punished for speaking their native languages or practicing their traditions. Yet, it also showcases the ways in which Indigenous peoples resisted this erasure.

Aline's life is a testament to this resistance. Despite the efforts to strip her of her Cree identity, she remains connected to her culture, and this connection becomes a source of strength. The film underscores the importance of cultural survival and the role it plays in the broader fight for justice and reconciliation.

A Story of Survival and Hope

While Bones of Crows is a film steeped in tragedy, it is also a story of survival and hope. Aline's journey, though marked by immense suffering, is also one of empowerment. Her role as a matriarch, code talker, and survivor positions her as a beacon of resilience for her community. The film suggests that even in the face of overwhelming odds, the spirit of Indigenous peoples cannot be extinguished.

The story culminates in a reflection on the present and future, where the legacy of the past continues to influence the lives of Indigenous people in Canada. The film calls for recognition, understanding, and action, urging viewers to acknowledge the historical and ongoing injustices faced by Indigenous communities and to support efforts toward healing and reconciliation.

The Broader Context and Significance

Bones of Crows is more than just a film; it is a significant cultural and historical document that sheds light on a dark chapter of Canadian history. The residential school system, which operated for over a century, has left deep wounds in Indigenous communities. The film serves as an important tool for education and awareness, bringing these stories to a broader audience and fostering a deeper understanding of the lasting impact of colonialism.

In the current context of reconciliation efforts in Canada, Bones of Crows plays a critical role in amplifying the voices of survivors and their descendants. It contributes to the ongoing conversation about the need for truth-telling, acknowledgment of past wrongs, and the importance of preserving Indigenous cultures and languages.

Detailed Content Warnings

The detailed content warnings for Bones of Crows include the following:

Physical and Emotional Abuse: The film graphically portrays the abuse endured by Indigenous children in residential schools, including physical punishment and emotional torment. These scenes are intense and may be triggering for some viewers.
Sexual Abuse: There are depictions of sexual abuse within the residential school system, which are portrayed in a serious and distressing manner. These scenes are explicit in their intent to show the horror of the experience.
Racism and Discrimination: The film includes overt racism and discrimination against Indigenous peoples, reflecting the systemic oppression they faced historically and continue to face.
Starvation and Malnutrition: The film addresses the issue of systemic starvation and malnutrition as part of the abuse in residential schools, with scenes that may be difficult to watch due to their portrayal of suffering.
War and Violence: As part of Aline Spears' role in World War II, there are scenes related to the war, including depictions of violence, combat, and the aftermath of battle.
Death and Grief: The film deals with themes of death and loss, showing the deep impact of these experiences on the characters and their communities. The portrayal of grief and trauma is heavy and can be emotionally taxing.
Trauma and Psychological Distress: The cumulative effects of trauma on the characters, particularly Aline Spears, are central to the narrative. The film portrays psychological distress, flashbacks, and the long-term impact of the abuse endured.
Language: There may be strong language used in the context of the film, reflective of the intense emotions and situations depicted.
Historical Trauma: The film touches on intergenerational trauma, illustrating how the pain and suffering of the past continue to affect Indigenous families and communities.
Disturbing Imagery: There are scenes that include disturbing imagery, such as the harsh conditions in residential schools and the suffering of children, which may be unsettling for some viewers.

These content warnings are intended to help viewers prepare for the emotionally challenging aspects of the film. If you have specific concerns or sensitivities, it might be wise to approach the film with caution or seek out additional reviews or guidance from those who have seen the movie.

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Bones of Crows Conclusion

Bones of Crows is a deeply emotional and impactful film that tells the story of Aline Spears, a Cree matriarch who embodies the struggle, resilience, and enduring spirit of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Through her life, the film explores the brutal realities of the residential school system, the importance of cultural survival, and the ongoing fight for justice and healing. It is a story that demands to be heard, offering both a sobering reflection on the past and a hopeful vision for the future.

Empowering the Next Generation Through Cultural Revitalization

In addition to the stories of resilience shared by Glen Anaquod, Lyna Hart, and Lena Wandering Spirit, it is essential to recognize the importance of empowering the next generation of Indigenous youth. One significant contributor to this cultural revival is the television series Raven's Quest, produced by TVOKids. The show provides a platform for Indigenous children to share their stories and cultural practices with a broader audience, promoting a deeper understanding of Indigenous cultures and empowering the youth to take pride in their identity.

The resurgence of Two-Spirit identities and the emphasis on cultural revitalization through media like *Raven's Quest* highlight the resilience and strength of Indigenous communities. These efforts ensure that the legacies of elders like Glen, Lyna, and Lena continue to inspire and guide future generations.

In a world that has often sought to erase or suppress Indigenous identities, the stories of resilience and cultural pride that emerge from these communities are a testament to the enduring spirit of Indigenous peoples. By honoring their histories, acknowledging their struggles, and celebrating their successes, we contribute to a future where Indigenous and Two-Spirit identities are recognized, respected, and cherished.

The Unacknowledged Histories of Two-Spirit People

Despite the recent resurgence of Two-Spirit identities, there remains a significant gap in mainstream understanding and recognition of these unique cultural roles. The term "Two-Spirit" itself was coined in 1990 to serve as a pan-Indigenous identity for LGBTQ+ members of the community, but the roles and identities it encompasses have existed for centuries.

Two-Spirit individuals historically occupied a place of honor within many Indigenous cultures, respected for their ability to embody both masculine and feminine traits. They often served as mediators, healers, and spiritual leaders, holding positions that were integral to the social and spiritual fabric of their communities.

However, the imposition of European norms led to the erasure and marginalization of Two-Spirit people. Many were persecuted, forced to hide their identities, or coerced into conforming to rigid gender binaries that were alien to Indigenous ways of knowing. This erasure contributed to a loss of knowledge about the true roles and significance of Two-Spirit people, a gap that modern-day efforts are only beginning to address.

Today, the revitalization of Two-Spirit identities is an act of cultural reclamation and resistance. Two-Spirit people are increasingly finding their voices, asserting their roles within both Indigenous and broader LGBTQ+ communities, and challenging the narratives that have historically sought to erase them. This resurgence is not only a testament to the resilience of Indigenous cultures but also a powerful statement of the ongoing struggle for recognition and respect in a world that continues to impose colonial frameworks on Indigenous identities.

Notable Two-Spirit leaders like Dr. James Makokis, a Cree physician and advocate, have been instrumental in bridging Indigenous and LGBTQ+ health care, while Harlan Pruden, a leading activist, has worked tirelessly to increase Two-Spirit visibility on both national and international stages. Their stories of leadership and activism serve as powerful reminders of the ongoing struggle and resilience within the Two-Spirit community.

Conclusion

The stories of Glen Anaquod, Lyna Hart, Lena Wandering Spirit, and countless other Indigenous individuals remind us of the profound resilience that characterizes Indigenous cultures. Their journeys through trauma, identity, and reclamation are not just historical anecdotes but living legacies that continue to shape the present and future.

As we honor their stories, we must also acknowledge the ongoing challenges faced by Indigenous communities, particularly the struggle to reclaim and revitalize Two-Spirit identities that have been marginalized for far too long. The path to healing and reconciliation is long, but it is paved with the strength and determination of those who refuse to let their cultures and identities be erased.

By embracing the full spectrum of Indigenous identities and histories, including those of Two-Spirit people, we contribute to a future where the richness and diversity of Indigenous cultures are recognized, respected, and celebrated. The journey of resilience continues, and with it, the hope for a more just and equitable world for all Indigenous peoples.

To support the ongoing resurgence of Two-Spirit identities and the broader Indigenous cultural revitalization, it is crucial to engage with and support Indigenous-led initiatives. This can include attending events, supporting Two-Spirit and Indigenous organizations, and educating oneself on the history and present struggles of Indigenous peoples. By taking these steps, we can contribute to a future where Indigenous and Two-Spirit identities are respected and celebrated.